DoDSeal Department of Defense

Research Classification: Select ONE primary and ONE secondary descriptor that best describes the proposed research from the Research Classification lists. (See list below.)

Application Descriptor Lists (For section entitled "Application Descriptors")

Research Classification Descriptor List
0100 Cell Biology: Covers the study of the cell, its structure, including cellular organization, regulation, composition, and function on normal and transformed cells.
0101 Cell Cycle Covers studies on the sequence and regulation of cellular events between mitotic divisions.
0102 Cellular Structure Covers studies on cell size, shape, and polarity, as well as subcellular structures such as the cell nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes, lipid droplets, autophagosomes, cytoskeleton, primary cilia, and membrane microdomains. Also includes studies on cell motility.
0103 Growth Factors/Cytokines Covers studies on polypeptides and their receptors which control the ontogeny and maintenance of tissue form and function.
0104 Oncogenes Covers studies on genes whose mutation or overexpression promotes tumor development/malignant phenotype.
0105 Tumor Suppressor Genes Covers studies on genes whose mutation or inactivation leads to tumor development/malignant phenotype.
0106 Metabolism Covers studies on the sum of all physical and chemical processes by which an organism is produced and maintained as well as the transformations by which energy is made available for use by the organism.
0107 Signal Transduction Covers studies on the activation of intracellular response pathways.
0108 Structural Chemistry / Structural Biology Studies to determine the structure of biological compounds such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance.
0109 Functional Study of Biological Molecules Studies that determine the function of newly identified biological molecules or novel functions of previously studied molecules.
0110 Electrophysiology Covers studies on the electrical properties of cells.
0111 Cellular Development Covers studies on the development and differentiation of cells, including embryonic and adult stem cells but excluding cancer stem cells.
0112 Cell Adhesion Covers the study of proteins and other macromolecules that are involved in mediating the recognition and adhesion of cells to their substrates and to other cells; including integrins, extracellular matrix, membrane bound proteins, and cytoskeletal components.
0199 Not Otherwise Specified Covers studies in cell biology not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
0200 Genetics and Molecular Biology: Covers studies on the molecular structures and events underlying biological processes, especially the relation between genes and the functional characteristics they determine.
0201 Chromosome Structure Covers studies on the organization of the DNA into a chromosome, and the accompanying chromosomal elements and staining and sequencing techniques.
0202 DNA Damage and Repair Covers studies on the mechanisms of DNA damage as well as the enzymatic correction of errors in DNA structure and sequence.
0203 Genomic Instability Covers studies on genetic changes that result in new combinations of alleles and/or chromosomal modifications such as crossing over, deletions, translocations, and loss of heterozygosity.
0204 Familial and Hereditary Disorders Covers studies of genes and their products which cause disease in familial or hereditary clusters.
0207 Genomics Covers the study of a set or subset of genes expressed in organelles, cells, tissue, disease states or organisms. Also includes technology development in the field of genomics.
0208 Proteomics Covers the study of a set or subset of proteins expressed in organelles, cells, tissue, disease states or organisms. Also includes technology development in the field of proteomics.
0209 Transcription Covers studies on the process by which RNA is copied from a DNA template. This includes the study of the process and regulation of gene methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation.
0210 Translation and Modification Covers studies on the process whereby proteins are generated from an RNA template. Also includes studies of regulation and post-transcriptional gene silencing.
0299 Not Otherwise Specified Covers studies in molecular biology and genetics not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
0300 Endocrinology: Covers studies on structure and function of endocrine glands, their products, and their control to include hormones and their receptors.
0301 Clinical Endocrinology Covers studies of hormonal functions, ligand interactions, and metabolism as it relates to bedside and clinical applications.
0302 Endocrine Pathogenesis Covers studies on the role of hormones in the initiation and progression of disease.
0303 Hormone Metabolism Covers studies of the biosynthesis, degradation, and enzymatic interconversions of hormones and structural analogs.
0304 Hormone Receptors Covers studies related to membrane-bound or intracellular molecules that bind with high affinity to, or respond to, hormones.
0305 Mechanism of Hormone Action Covers studies of interactions between a ligand, its receptor, and co-activators, in targeted metabolic processes, and the downstream consequences of these interactions.
0399 Not Otherwise Specified Covers studies in endocrinology not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
0400 Pathobiology: Covers studies on the pathobiology of cells and tissues specifically related to the development of disease or illness.
0401 Angiogenesis Covers studies on the neo-vascularization such as those associated with wound healing and/or tumor growth.
0402 Apoptosis Covers studies on the process of a particular form of a cell death, programmed cell death, characterized by specific morphologic and biochemical properties.
0403 Biomarkers Covers studies of indicators for the predisposition, presence or progression of disease or injury. Includes the study of detection agents for uncharacterized biomarkers.
0404 Chemical/Physical Pathogenesis Covers studies on the influence of chemicals and other environmental factors on pathogenesis.
0406 Stromal-Epithelial Interactions Covers studies on the role of the interaction of the stromal and epithelial elements in the initiation of disease
0407 Cancer Stem Cells Studies on identifying, isolating, or culturing the clonogenic, pluripotent, self-renewing progenitor cells believed to be responsible for malignancy.
0408 Progression Covers studies on the multistep stages to disease. This includes the transformation of cells to tumor cells through the different pathobiological phases (i.e. hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia, neoplasia). The studies may focus on the mutagenic causes, regulation, and/or the mechanism of carcinogenesis.
0409 Invasion Covers studies to examine the ability of tumor cells to penetrate the microenvironment of the primary site. This includes studies to analyze the factors influencing infiltration (i.e. cell motility, matrix, chemotactic factors, anchorage independence, cell-cell interaction).
0410 Metastasis Covers studies to examine the characteristics of cancerous lesions that are not the primary cancer site. These studies may include the differential analysis of metastatic lesions with respect to the primary tumor, the factors influencing tumor implantation at distant sites, host-tumor interactions at the metastatic locale.
0411 Tumor Heterogeneity Covers studies that seek to characterize and define subpopulations or clonal populations of cells within a tumor or an individual. Also includes studies that seek to understand heterogeneity among different individuals or primary tumors.
0412 Inflammation Covers studies of inflammation as it relates to the pathogenesis of disease and wound healing.
0414 Host Pathogen Interaction Covers studies investigating the interactions taking place between a pathogen and its host on the molecular level, single-cell level, organismal level, or population level that may or may not lead to disease. This excludes studies of immune system reactions to pathogens.
0415 Acute Injury Covers studies that investigate the pathobiology of physical or psychological injuries and insults resulting from a discrete traumatic event with a short duration relative to the given condition.
0416 Fibrosis/ Remodeling Covers studies on the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue or the reorganization or renovation of existing tissues.
0417 Chronic Injury Covers studies on the pathobiology of physical or psychological injuries or diseases that develop slowly, are persistent and long-lasting, or recur over time.
0418 Degeneration Covers studies on the deterioration and decline or loss of function or structure of tissues or organs.
0419 Secondary Conditions Covers studies on the pathobiology of processes that arise after and as a consequence of the onset of an initial insult, disease, or trauma which triggers downstream effects, either in the same or a different body system.
0420 Comorbidities Covers studies on the pathobiology of diseases, disorders, injuries, or other pathological conditions that co-occur.
0499 Not Otherwise Specified Covers studies in pathobiology not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
0500 Immunology: Covers studies of the cell mediated and humoral aspects of immunity and immune responses excluding therapeutic manipulations of the immune system.
0501 Molecular Immunology Covers studies to identify immune markers and characterize antibody structures as well as genetic engineering and progressive cloning studies.
0502 Tumor Immunology Covers studies of interactions between the immune system and tumor(s).
0503 Regulation of the Immune Response Covers studies of mechanisms that up- or down-regulate the immune system, including psychoneuroimmunology.
0504 Immunodeficiency Covers studies of inadequacies in the cell mediated or humoral aspects of immune response or its regulation.
0505 Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Disease Covers studies of specific immunity to constituents of self.
0599 Not Otherwise Specified Covers studies in immunology not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
0600 Primary Prevention: Covers studies that prevent the occurrence of disease or injury.
0601 Lifestyle Covers studies of the contributions and consequences of lifestyle and behavioral factors on disease/injury risk, as well as studies to test educational and lifestyle interventions to reduce disease/injury risk.
0602 Chemoprevention Covers studies on the effect(s) of drugs to prevent occurrence of disease/injury.
0603 Nutrition Covers studies on the contributions and consequences of diet and/or nutrition on disease/injury risk, as well as to test educational and diet and/or nutritional interventions intended to prevent the occurrence of disease/injury.
0604 Genetic Risk Covers studies among individuals with defined gene composition and genetic mutations to test interventions intended to prevent the occurrence of disease/injury.
0605 Surgical Prevention Covers studies on the effects of prophylactic surgical interventions to prevent occurrence of disease/injury.
0606 Complementary and Alternative Methods Covers studies in non-traditional/alternative methods of prevention. These include a) alternative medical methods such as homeopathy, naturopathy, chiropracty, osteopathy, or acupuncture; b) mind-body techniques such as support groups, writing, and art; c) bio-energy techniques such as gi gong, Reiki, therapeutic touch and other non-traditional uses of electromagnetic fields.
0607 Physical Prevention Covers studies on or development of physical barriers to disease transmission or injury such as condoms, body armor, new formulations of surgical/medical instruments and wall/floor/surface coverings.
0608 Biological Prevention / Prophylactic Vaccines Covers studies on the prevention of disease by (1) stimulating antibody production, (2) conferring passive immunity, and/or (3) controlling/eliminating the host vector through biological means such as natural toxins, predation, and/or genetic manipulation/modification.
0699 Not Otherwise Specified Covers primary prevention studies not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
0700 Detection and Diagnosis: Covers the study of improved detection, diagnostic and prognostic techniques. Includes studies investigating disease/injury presence and potential response to prevention and treatment strategies.
0701 Clinical Biomarkers Covers the study of the use of indicators, detectable in blood, body fluids, or tissues, or other information that can be used for screening, diagnosis, or prognosis.
0702 Cell/Tissue/Body Fluid Sampling Covers the study of methods for collecting biological samples and studies on the most effective testing of these specimens for the detection, diagnosis, or prognosis of disease/injury.
0703 Computer-aided Diagnosis Covers the use of computer algorithms and/or artificial intelligence to aid in making diagnostic decisions.
0704 Digital Imaging Covers the study of capturing, storing, viewing, and analyzing radiographic or other images in a digital format.
0705 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Covers the study of visualization of structures in the body by use of oscillating magnetic fields and analysis of the resulting radio frequencies produced.
0706 Nuclear Medicine Imaging Covers the study of image production or count acquisition after the administration of a radionuclide.
0707 Ultrasonography Covers the study of visualization of structures in the body by recording the reflections of high frequency sound waves directed into the tissues.
0708 X-ray Imaging Covers the study of visualization of structures in the body by externally applied ionizing radiation.
0710 Agent Development Covers the discovery, screening, synthesis, development, formulation, and pharmacology of detection and diagnostic agents or modification of existing agents to include accessory or auxiliary agents.
0711 Spectrometry Covers the direct measurement of electromagnetic waves, changes in mass, or changes in charge whose detection and quantification can be used for screening, diagnosis, or prognosis. This excludes visualization of structures in the body through imaging techniques.
0712 Nanotechnology Covers the use of nanotechnology methods, techniques, or agents for the detection, diagnosis or prognosis of disease. Nanotechnology includes creation of structures, devices and systems whose size is approximately ? 100 nm or less.
0713 Fluorescence Imaging Covers studies investigating the use of fluorescence technology to detect the presence of biological molecules and structures in the body for the detection, diagnosis or prognosis of disease.
0714 Laser Technology Covers the development and study of laser methodologies (including infrared) for the diagnosis and detection of diseased tissues. It does not include treatment.
0799 Not Otherwise Specified Covers studies in detection, diagnostic or prognostic modalities not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
0800 Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics: Covers studies on agents to assess their use in treatment. Includes model systems ranging from cell cultures to animals and humans.
0801 Drug Development Covers the discovery, screening, synthesis, development and formulation of drugs and the modification of existing agents.
0802 Pharmacology Covers studies of the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, routes of administration and mechanisms of action of treatment agents. This may include drugs that modify the effectiveness of other drugs.
0803 Chemotherapy Covers the study of using drugs or a combination of drugs to treat disease. This may include drugs that modify the effectiveness of other drugs.
0804 Drug Resistance/Multi-Drug Resistance Covers studies on the mechanism, treatment, and prevention of all forms of drug resistance.
0805 Targeted Therapies Covers the development, testing, and study of individual agents that target cells or combined agents that contain a targeting component with a toxic or therapeutic component.
0806 Therapeutic Vaccines Covers the study of treatment of disease with agents designed to elicit immune responses to specific antigens. Note: prophylactic vaccines NOT included.
0807 Immunotherapies Covers the study of treatment of disease by passive immunization or by the use of agents designed to potentiate or suppress actions of leukocytes. Excludes vaccines.
0808 Radiotherapy Covers the study of using ionizing radiation to treat disease or kill cells.
0809 Hormonal therapy Covers the study of the treatment of disease by potentiating or blocking the effects of hormones.
0810 Gene Therapy (Includes Vector Development) Covers the study of treatment that modifies or inserts genes into cells to improve the body's natural ability to fight disease or to make the tumor more sensitive to other therapies. Includes gene vector development and antisense technologies.
0811 Photodynamic Therapy Covers the study of light activated substances in treating disease.
0812 Anti-angiogenics Covers the study of using substances that inhibit blood vessel formation
0813 Surgery Covers studies on manual or instrumental procedures for the removal, replacement, or repair of diseased or injured organs or tissue.
0814 Hypo/Hyperthermia Covers the study of localized or systemic temperature changes for either direct therapeutic effect or enhancing the effectiveness of other therapies.
0815 Rehabilitation Covers the study of interventions to improve functional status and/or appearance related to disease, injury or treatment.
0816 Symptom Management Covers studies of the factors or interventions that influence disease or injury specific symptoms and/or reduce treatment side-effects. Symptom management may be medically or psychosocially based.
0817 Nanotechnology Covers the use of nanotechnology methods, techniques, or agents for the treatment of disease or injury. Nanotechnology includes creation of structures, devices and systems whose size is approximately ? 100 nm or less.
0818 Laser Technology Covers the development and study of laser methodologies (including infrared) for the treatment of tumors or other diseased/injured tissues. It does not include the diagnosis of tumors, tumor margins, or other diseased tissues with laser technologies.
0819 Personalized Therapy Covers studies that develop clinical guidance for a course of therapy tailored to the specific needs of a patient.
0820 Behavioral / Cognitive / Psychological Therapies Covers therapies that may involve systematic re-exposure to memories, phobias, anxieties, etc.(such as prolonged exposure), therapies that identify and replace dysfunctional cognitions or beliefs (such as Cognitive Behavioral / Processing Therapy), and combinations/modifications thereof.
0821 Stem cell Therapy Covers the study of using stem cells to treat disease or injury.
0822 Biologics Covers the development or modification of biological medical products such as blood components, allergenics, somatic cells, tissues and recombinant therapeutic proteins.
0824 Tissue Preservation Covers studies that develop improved ex vivo tissue preservation methods, products, technologies, or platforms that extend the time between procurement and viable medical use. This includes thermal technologies, preservation media/perfusates, freezing/thawing methods, transportation platforms, etc., that better preserve tissues for use in medical procedures (e.g., transplantation, replantation).
0825 Tissue Stimulation Covers studies of functional stimulation of tissue for the purpose of treating a disease, injury, or disorder. Examples include, but are not limited to, transcranial electrical or magnetic stimulation, electrical stimulation of muscle (including cardiac tissue), and electrical stimulation of the spinal cord or other nervous tissues.
0899 Not Otherwise Specified Covers studies in clinical and experimental therapeutics not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
0900 Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Covers studies of treatments and practices that reflect nontraditional forms of intervention or supportive methods that complement or add to mainstream treatments.
0901 Neutraceuticals Covers the study of nutritional, vitamin and/or dietary supplements and herbal remedies as forms of non-traditional interventions and/or complementary treatment to traditional interventions.
0903 Alternative Medical Methods Covers studies using non-conventional methods for treatment. These would include homeopathic medicine, naturopathic medicine, chiropractic medicine, osteopathic methods, acupuncture, or therapeutic massage.
0904 Mind-Body Interventions Covers the study of techniques to manage mind and body interactions and functions. These would include patient support groups, meditation, prayer, mental healing, writing, art, and performance art.
0905 Bio-energy Therapies Covers the study of energy therapies and the manipulation of bio-energy fields such as gi gong, Reiki, and therapeutic touch. Also includes the study of non-traditional uses of electromagnetic fields such as pulsed fields, magnetic fields, and AC/DC fields.
0906 Service/Therapy Animals Covers studies of animals that are trained to do work or perform tasks for a person with a disability, or studies that involve animals as a form of treatment or medical alert.
0999 Not Otherwise Specified Covers studies in complementary and alternative medicine not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
1000 Health Care Delivery: Covers studies assessing the delivery of disease or injury prevention, detection, treatment and rehabilitation services
1001 Health Care Settings Covers studies describing and/or assessing interventions or policies to enhance the delivery of disease/injury prevention, detection, treatment and rehabilitation services in medical systems and medical care settings, including, for example, patterns of care assessments and cost effectiveness studies in a medical care setting.
1002 Communities Covers studies describing and/or assessing interventions and/or policies for reaching and/or influencing populations in community and other non-medical settings in order to improve the delivery of disease/injury prevention, detection, treatment and rehabilitation services. Studies include, for example, community outreach interventions.
1003 Telemedicine Covers studies involving the transmission of medical information via telephone, the Internet, videoconferencing, or other networks/modalities for the purpose of consulting, or to conduct remote medical services.
1004 Clinical Practice Guidelines Covers studies involving the development, assessment, validation, or implementation of clinical practice guidelines.
1099 Not Otherwise Specified Covers health care delivery studies not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
1100 Biobehavioral Sciences: Covers studies describing knowledge, attitudes and behavior in defined populations and assessing the relationship(s) between behavioral and social functioning and disease or injury initiation, progression, detection, treatment, and rehabilitation.
1101 Basic Behavioral Covers descriptive studies of knowledge, attitudes and behavior in defined populations or studies of the basic relationships between biology and behavioral factors and disease/injury.
1102 Quality of Life Covers studies with specific aims or objectives to understand the factors that contribute to quality of life (QOL), interventions designed to enhance QOL, and/or the QOL consequences that result from actions by patients, caregivers, and/or providers among individuals with or at risk for disease/injury.
1103 Decision Making Covers studies of factors that contribute to patient, caregiver, or provider decision-making regarding diagnosis, treatment and/or rehabilitation, such as participation in clinical trials, risk assessment, genetic counseling and adherence to treatment.
1104 Communication and Education Exploration of health communications theories and their application to disease/injury and disease/injury control issues, studies to fill gaps in understanding how patients, care givers, health care providers and the general population use health information, and development and testing of educational interventions.
1105 Lifestyle Covers studies of interventions that reduce disease/injury risk, enhance treatment efficacy, improve prognosis and/or overall health, such as physical activity, stress reduction, supportive care, etc.
1199 Not Otherwise Specified Covers biobehavioral sciences studies not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
1200 Epidemiology: Covers population-based observational research studies of the distribution of disease/injury as well as the behavioral and/or biological determinants of disease/injury risk, initiation/occurrence, progression, detection and/or prognosis.
1201 Descriptive Epidemiology/ Surveillance Covers population-based observational research studies of the distribution (incidence, prevalence) and characteristics of disease/injury.
1202 Behavioral Epidemiology Covers population-based observational studies assessing the nature of associations between lifestyle and host factors and disease/injury risk, initiation, progression, detection, prognosis and/or treatment.
1203 Gene and/or Environmental Epidemiology Covers population-based observational studies assessing the nature of associations and effect modification between genetic susceptibility, polymorphic genes and environmental or host factors and disease/injury risk, initiation, progression, and/or intermediate disease/injury endpoints.
1204 Nutritional Epidemiology Covers population-based observational studies assessing the nature of associations and effect modification between nutritional factors and disease/injury risk, initiation/occurrence, progression, detection, and prognosis.
1205 Biological Epidemiology Covers population-based observational studies assessing the nature of interactions between basic biology and biological mechanisms with disease/injury risk, initiation/occurrence, progression, and/or intermediate disease endpoints.
1299 Not Otherwise Specified Covers epidemiological studies not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
1300 Research Resources: Covers support for the development and/or maintenance of institutional, regional, or national resources to sustain biomedical research.
1301 Training Programs Covers projects that provide support for extramural programs to train multiple investigators, such as institutional training programs.
1302 Research Resources and Registries Covers support for development and maintenance of registries (i.e., central agencies for the collection of pathologic material and related clinical, laboratory, x-ray, and other data in a specified field of pathology, organized so that the data can be properly processed and made available for study).
1303 Animal Models Covers support for development of vertebrate and invertebrate animal models of human diseases/injury.
1304 Computer Models Covers support for the development and maintenance of computer modeling and information management systems and novel uses of information technology.
1305 Centers, Clinical Centers, or Consortia Covers support for the development of core-supported, multi-project research programs integrated around a common theme.
1306 Statistical Models Covers support for the development of models for data analysis.
1307 Cell Lines Covers the development or modification of cell lines.
1308 Survey Instrument Development and Validation Covers support for the design and/or validation of survey instruments that have the potential for use across research studies.
1309 Vector Development Covers the development or modification of cloning vectors, gene expression vectors or expression constructs.
1399 Not Otherwise Specified Covers studies in research resources not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
1400 Neuroscience: Covers studies pertaining to the chemistry and biology of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
1401 Neural Circuits Covers investigations of specific neural circuits including circuits contributing to mental or neurological disorders or subtypes of disorders.
1402 Neural Plasticity / Repair Covers studies of the behavioral aspects of neural plasticity to cellular aspects, such as neuronal and glial production, axonal sprouting, synapse formation, and cell transplantation.
1403 Cognitive Performance Covers studies of cognitive performance, including the use of neuropsychological batteries of attention, memory, and executive functioning.
1404 Resiliency Covers studies on the ability to recover from stress or adjust to change.
1405 Neurodegeneration Covers studies that investigate the progressive loss of structure and function of neurons. May also include studies examining the role of non-neuronal cells in neurodegeneration.
1406 Pain Covers the investigations of acute or chronic pain relating to the sensory nerves or central nervous system.
1407 Neuroprotection Covers studies of the mechanisms and strategies used to preserve neuronal structure and/or function, or to prevent or reduce the rate of neuronal loss over time.
1408 Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders Covers studies that examine characteristics and/or treatment of alcohol and/or substance use disorders.
1499 Not Otherwise Specified Covers studies in neuroscience not otherwise specified in the other research areas.
1500 Computational Biology: Covers studies that utilize mathematical models and numerical solutions to analyze biological systems or expand the usefulness of scientific data.
1501 Bioinformatics Covers studies that apply algorithms and statistical techniques to biological datasets that typically consist of large numbers of DNA, RNA, or protein sequences.
1502 Biomodeling / Mathematical Biology Covers the mathematical representation, treatment and modeling of biological processes.
1503 Molecular and Structural Modeling Covers studies that use computational methods to model or mimic the behavior of molecules as well as studies on the interactions of multiple molecules. Includes studies on 3D structure prediction.
1504 Systems Biology Covers the systematic study of complex interactions in biological systems by modeling large-scale biological networks.
1505 Therapeutic Modeling Covers studies using computer modeling to examine therapeutic interventions and how they relate to initiation, progression, detection, and prognosis.
1506 Environmental Modeling Covers studies that apply mathematical or statistical techniques to simulate environmental exposures and their effect on physiology and/or disease.
1599 Not Otherwise Specified Covers studies in computational biology not otherwise specified in the other research areas
1600 Devices: Covers studies of an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, implant, or other similar or related article, including software, a component part, or accessory, which is intended for use in the diagnosis, assessment, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of a disease, disorder, or injury.
1601 Device Development Covers the development or repurposing of medical devices including implantable devices, mobility aides, medical equipment, and prostheses.
1602 Device Validation Covers the validation and/or optimization of medical devices.
1603 Device Surveillance Covers the studies involving the post-market monitoring for the safety and performance of a medical device.
1604 Software Development Development of computer software used to support a medical device for diagnosis, disease monitoring, or treatment. Does not include mobile device applications or self-contained programs.
1605 Medical App Development, validation, or use of a self-contained program or piece of software designed to fulfill a particular purpose. Examples include mobile apps for diagnosis, disease monitoring, self-management of health and wellness, etc.
1699 Not Otherwise Specified Covers studies in devices not otherwise specified in the other research areas